Mental Health After Mass Shootings: Research Findings and Clinical Considerations

Mass shootings are increasingly common in the United States and associated with a range of adverse mental health outcomes. In this article, we summarize the small but growing empirical literature on the mental health consequences of mass shootings, describing commonly examined post-shooting outcomes (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptoms), risk factors for poor mental health (e.g., higher exposure), and protective factors associated with lower symptoms (e.g., social support). We then discuss key clinical and ethical challenges that can arise after mass shootings, such as those related to competence and confidentiality, and provide recommendations for evidence-based assessment and practice, including Psychological First Aid and empirically supported treatments for PTSD. The clinical case study of Jason and his therapist Margaret illustrates the article’s key themes.